Childhood Obesity Now Becoming A Major Health Care Concern: Focus on UK's Childhood Obesity Admissions
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The number of children admitted to hospital for problems related to
obesity in England and Wales quadrupled between 2000 and 2009, according
to the 'Rising Obesity-Related Hospital Admissions among Children and
Young People in England: National Time Trends Study', by researchers at
Imperial College London, UK.
Using the Hospital Episodes Statistics database, they reported on the
number of hospital admissions for children and young people aged five
to 19 where obesity was recorded in the diagnosis, between 2000 and
2009.
The study, published in the journal
Plos One,
states that in 2009 there were 3,806 children admitted to hospital for
obesity-related conditions, compared with just 872 in 2000. Alarmingly,
nearly three quarters of these admissions were to deal with problems
complicated by obesity such as asthma, breathing difficulties during
sleep and complications of pregnancy, rather than obesity itself being
the primary reason.
"The burden of obesity is usually thought to have its serious
consequences in adulthood, but we now see it manifesting earlier, in
childhood," said Dr Sonia Saxena, from the School of Public Health at
Imperial, who led the study. "It's clear that rising obesity levels are
causing more medical problems in children, but the rise we observed
probably also reflects increasing awareness among clinicians, who have
become better at recognising obesity."
For this study the researchers defined total obesity admissions as
comprising both primary and secondary diagnoses of obesity and reported
on the number of children and young people who underwent bariatric
surgical procedures for the management of obesity during the study
period.
The found that between 2000 and 2009, age- and sex-specific hospital
admission rates in 5–19 year olds for total obesity-related diagnoses
increased more than four-fold from 93.0 (95% CI 86.0 to 100.0) per
million children to 414.0 (95% CI 410.7 to 417.5) per million children,
largely due to rising admissions where obesity was mentioned as a
co-morbidity.
The median age of admission to hospital over the study period was
14.0 years; 5,566 (26.7%) admissions were for obesity and 15,319 (73.3%)
mentioned obesity as a comorbidity (Table 1). Admissions were more
common in girls than boys (56.2% v 43.8%) and the most common reasons
for admission where obesity was a comorbid condition were sleep apnoea,
asthma, and complications of pregnancy.
Overall admissions were more common in girls than boys (56.2% v
43.8%) and increased with age from 18.7%, 40.1% and 41.2% for age groups
5–9, 10–14 and 15–19 years respectively.
Table 1. Demographic
characteristics of children and young people admitted with
obesity-related diagnosis over the entire study period, by primary or
secondary diagnosis, 2000 to 2009.
Hospital admission rates for obesity increased almost four-fold from
21.0 (95% CI 17.5 to 24.5) per million children in 2000 to 78.8 (95% CI
77.0 to 80.6) in 2009. Admission rates for obesity as a comorbidity
increased from 70 (95% CI 65.6 to 78.4) per million children in 2000 to
335.3 (95% CI 332.3 to 338.3) per million children in 2009 (Figure 1).
Figure 1. Trends in age
and sex-specific hospital admission rates per million children among
children and young people ages 5 to 19 years, for obesity and where
obesity was a comorbidity, 2000–2009.
Bariatric surgery
Of the 20,885 children and young people admitted to hospitals in
England during the study period, 111 patients had a bariatric surgery
procedure performed during 2000 and 2009 and the number increased from
one procedure in 2000 to 31 in 2009. Of those 111 patients, 109 were in
the 15–19 years age group and only two were in the 10–14 years age
group. The majority of these procedures (75.6%, n=84) were performed in
girls and the median age was 18 years (Figure 2). Laparoscopic gastric
banding was the most commonly performed bariatric surgical procedure,
accounting for 36% (n=34) of procedures during the study period.
Figure 2. Number of
hospital admissions for bariatric surgery for children and young people
ages 13 to 19 years by sex, 2000 to 2009.
“We found that patients undergoing bariatric procedures were mainly
girls and the number of these procedures increased substantially during
our study period,” the authors write. “While the number of these
surgeries started from a very low base of one in the year 2000, and the
numbers are still lower than US estimates. The increase is large and
suggests that England may be moving towards the greater number of these
procedures seen in the US.”
The researchers state that there needs to be a full economic analysis
of the cost of managing and treating obesity in children and young
people and future research should aim to identify target groups of
children with higher prevalence of obesity and investigate how this
compares with those treated for obesity-related conditions in hospitals
in England.
In addition, they urge further researcher as to whether the
publication of national guidelines have impacted on hospital admission
patterns for obesity.
Conclusion
“Our findings support emerging evidence that the childhood obesity
epidemic may lead to substantial problems of obesity-related disease
much sooner in children and young people’s lives than previously
expected,” the authors conclude. “With levels of admissions for
obesity-related diagnoses rising, there is likely to be increasing
demand on health services and also greater use of more radical
interventions, such as pharmacological or surgical treatment, as part of
efforts to address the increasing trend of obesity that threatens the
lives of many children and young people in England and globally.”